目的: 阐述公平适度待遇保障的内涵,分析实现公平适度待遇保障对完善中国特色社会保障制度的重大意义及面临的挑战,提出完善公平适度待遇保障机制的思路与举措。方法: 基于社会保障制度基础理论,结合中国式现代化发展要求,在医保制度改革总体框架下进行系统分析。结论: 公平和适度是待遇保障机制的科学抉择,两者既相互关联又各有所指。公平适度的待遇保障是新时代医保制度的特征,对推动医保高质量发展、促进共同富裕、实现中国式现代化具有重要意义。实现待遇保障公平适度面临着外部客观环境变化、医保发展不平衡不充分等现实挑战。建议：基于当前经济社会发展阶段,扎实推进既有改革政策落地,提升待遇保障的质量;未来在条件成熟的情况下,探索在更大范围内的调剂平衡。

Objective: The paper elaborates on the connotations of fair and moderate benefit guarantee, analyzes the great significance and challenges of achieving fair and moderate benefit guarantee in improving the social security system with Chinese characteristics, and proposes ideas and measures for improving the fair and moderate benefit guarantee mechanism. Methods: Based on the fundamental theories of social security system and combined with the development requirements of Chinese path to modernization, a systematic analysis was carried out under the overall framework of medical insurance system reform. Conclusion: Fairness and moderation are scientific choices in the benefit guarantee mechanism, and they are interrelated, with different connotations. Fair and moderate benefit guarantee is the feature of the medical insurance system in the new era, which is of great significance to promote the high-quality development of medical insurance, promote common prosperity, and realize Chinese path to modernization. Realizing fair and moderate benefit guarantee faces challenges such as changes in the external environment as well as imbalanced and insufficient development of medical insurance in practice. It is recommended to solidly promote the implementation of reform policies and improve the quality of benefit guarantee based on the current stage of economic and social development. When all necessary conditions are available, adjustment and balance on a larger scale should be explored.