In the digital age, the deep integration of big data technology with the healthcare security sector provides strong momentum for the modernization of Chinese medical insurance. Important discussions on healthcare security work and significant thoughts on building a Digital China by Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, provide action guidelines for empowering healthcare security governance with big data. This paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the logical mechanisms through which big data empowers the modernization of Chinese healthcare security, including historical logic, value logic, and practical logic; discusses in detail the current challenges, such as weak infrastructure and insufficient collaborative interaction; and presents targeted promotion ideas, to promote the efficient application of big data in the healthcare security sector through measures such as optimizing infrastructure construction and building an innovative ecosystem, thus facilitating achieving healthcare security modernization.